Electric-circuit controller.



H. W. LEONARD.

ELECTRIC CURRENT CONTROLLER.

APPLICATION FILED 920.12, 1904.

1,064,749. Patented June 17,1913.

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ELECTRIC CURRENT CONTROLLER.

APPLICATION FILED DEO.12,1904.

1,064,749, Patented June 17, 1913.

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ELECTRIC CURRENT CONTROLLER.

APPLIOATIQN FILED DEC. 12, 1904.

Patented June 17, 1913.

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ELECTRIC-QURREN'T CONTROZLER.

LOG-4,749.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Application filed December 12, 1904.

Patented June 1 7, 191 3. Serial No. 236,439.

- To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I HARRY Waco LEON- ARD, a citizen of the United States, residing at Bronxville', in the county of vVestchester and State of New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Electric-Current Controllers, of which the following is a full, clear, and exact specification.

My invention relates to the control of the current through a device by means of the electroinotive-force upon the terminals of the device, or upon the terminals of-a device functionally related thereto. An instance of the application of my invention is the control of the current through a motor armature by means of the electromotive-force upon the armature terminals.

The principal object of my invention is to control the current through the device so that the current will be automatically maintained within such limits as are required for the desired operation of the device.

My invention has many applications and will be useful in connection with a great variety of devices, among which may be named, electric motors, storage batteries, electromagnets, electric furnaces and other forms of electro heating devices, rheostats, electric lights, electric signaling devices;

I will describe the invention generally as applied to an electric motor, the automatic controller being employed to automatically control the current through the motor arma- Lture and accelerate the motor from rest to full speed.

Figure l is a diagrammatic view of an application of. my invention to motor control and as adapted for multiple unit control; Fig. 2 is a similar view of a modified arrangement; Fig. 3 is a similar view showing my invention applied to the operation of a planer; and F 1g. 4 is a diagrammatic view of a modification.

Referring to Fig. 1, the upper portion in general represents the motor, its series resistance, controlling automatic switches; the lower portion illustrates the development of a controlling switch of drum type and the central portion shows the leads which may be run from one set of apparatus to another and the necessary connections when my invention is used in a multiple control system. The motor to be controlled is indicated at 1 and in series therewith is shown the starting resistance divided into a suitable number of steps as 2, 3, 4 and 5.

Each step is go ovided with an electromag netic switch as 6., 7, 8 and 9 which, when closed, short circuits the corresponding step of resistance. The exciting coils for these switches are connected in series with each other and from the terminal 10 of the armature to the finger 11. The latter engages contacts on the drum and connects to the other side of the line. From a point between the coils of switches 6 and 7 extends a connection to a pivoted switch 12 which by the action of gravity, or spring pressure, engages a contact 13 which is connected to a point between the coils of switches 7 and 8. From this connection extends a pivoted switch 14 which engages a contact 15 by force of gravity or other pressure. Similarly the contact 1.3 is connected to a point between coils of switches 8 and 9 and to the other pivoted switch 16. This pivoted switch engages the contact 17 which is connected to the other side of the coil of switch 9. The cores of switches 6, 7' and 8 carry projections as indicated, which projections are adapted to open switches 12, 14 and 16 when switches 6, 7 and 8 are respectively closed. At 17 and 18 are indicated two electromagnetic switches adapted to close the armature circuit for running in one direction. The coils of these switches are connected in series with each other and from one side of the line (negative being indi cated) to the finger 19 of the drum controller. From a point between the. coils of switches 17 and 18 extends a connection to the finger 20. At 21 and 22 are indicated two additional electromagnetic switches for closing the armature circuit when running in the opposite direction. The coils of these switches are shown connected in series with each other and from the negative side of the line to finger 23 of the drum controlling switch. From a point. between the coils of switches 21 and 22 a connection extends to the finger 24. The field 25 of the motor is connected from the negative side to the finger 26. In series with the motor armature is a coil 27 the core ofwhich is connected to a pivoted brake lever 28; having a braking surface engaging a brake wheel mounted upon the armature shaft as indicated, or

some part mechanically connected therewith, Vv' hen sufiicient current passes through coil 27 the brake lever will be raised and the armature free to revolve. From the outside of the armature resistance, a braking circu t 29 extends'through an electromagnetic switch 30 to the other terminal of the armature and as shown includes the coil 27. The coil of the switch 30 is connected from the negative line to the contact finger 3]. At the left of the diagram are represented a source of electric energy G and the positive and negative supply terminals, and which in the case of operating electric vehicles may represent moving contacts. The positive supply wire is shown connected to contact finger 32 and the negative to finger 3?). The figure shows the arrangement of the drum contacts for the different portions and at 34 are represented sections of a field resistance for weakening the field to obtain increased speeds. The functions of the different contacts of the drum controller will be understood in connection with the explanation of operation.

In the present case I have shown my invention as applied to the operation of electrically propelled vehicles and for multiple unit control. The series of wires indicated at35 extend from car to car, and similar motors and controlling devices on the different vehicles are connectedthereto in the same manner as shown. Such additional apparatus andconnections are not shown as they would be a duplication of the present figures and are therefore unnecessary. It is sufficient to state that the corresponding parts will be connected to the corresponding through wires. At the right of the figure are shown the connecting leads 35 extending from the through wires and adapted to be connected to the second set of apparatus as already explained. 1

Assume the motor to be at rest and that the controlling switch is thrown to the forward position, the fingers then making contact on the line marked A on the drawing. The coils of switches 17 and 18 will then be connected in series across the line, current passing from the positive line to finger 32, drum contacts 36 and 37, finger 19 through the coils referred to and then to the negative line.- This will. cause the closing of switches 17 and 18 and current will then pass from positive line through switch 18, through all steps of resistance, through the motor armature, coil 27, and switch 17 to negative line. The current which passes will be sufficient to raise the brake lever 28 and to start the motor. The fielr 250i the motor is excited at all positions by current from the positive line to contact 40, finger 26, through the field coil to the negative line. The coils of switches 7, 8 and 9 are now short-circuited" by switches 12, 14 and 16 and current passes the armature terminals.

from terminal 10 of the motor armature through switches 16, 14 and 12, through coil of switch 6 to finger 11., contacts 38, 39, finger 33 to the negative side. Coil of switch 6 is therefore subject to the counter electromotive-force of the motor armature and the current whichpasses through said coil is determined by the counter-electromotive force across the motor armature terminals. As the motor armature accelerates, its own electromotive force,'or counter volts, will gradually increase in amount-if the source of supply has a constant electromotive force, as is usual. Then the counter volts have risen to a predetermined amount with a corresponding reduction in the current, the electromagnetic switch 6 becomes sufiiciently energized to cause it to clpse and the first step 2 of the resistance is short circuited. The closing of switchv 6 removes switch 12 from contact 13 and thecoil of switch 7 is then placed in circuit with the coil of switch 6 across the armature terminals. This willilessen the exciting current of switch 6 for the time being, but the amount of current will be sufficient to keep it closed. The cutting out of resistance 2 will cause an increased current to flow through the motor armature and increase its speed. This in turn increases the counter electromotive force and reduces the armature current until finally the counter volts reach such an amount that the exciting current of the electromagnetic switch 7 is sutiicient to close the same. This short circuits step 3 of the resistance and opens switch 14 which throws the exciting coil of switch 8 in series with the coils of switches 6 and 7 and across mature current again increases the speed and the counter volts increase, causing the armature current to gradually fall. The counter volts are finally sufficient to cause the exciting current of switch 8 to close said switch. This short circuits resistance 4 and by opening switch 16 places the coil of switch 9 in series with the coils of the other switches. The previously described operation continues until switch-9 closes and all of the resistance steps are finally automatically short circuited and the motor runs at a high speed. If desired the speed may be still further increased by moving the drum controller so that the finger 26 successively engages the contacts 41. This places sections of the resistance 34 in the field circuit giving a weakened field and increased speed.

It will be noted that by adjusting the ohms of the steps and the electromotive forces needed to cause the several electromagnets to close their resistance short-circuiting switches, the maximum current and the minimum current during acceleration of the motor can be controlled within limits and may, if desired,.he varied for the sev- T he increased ar-- 31 through the coil of switch 30 to negative line. The braking circuit of the armature will consequently be closed through the resistance. Current will also pass from positive linc to contacts 49, 31, finger 24, coil of switch 21 to negative line, thus closing switch 21. Connection will also be made from negative line through finger 33 to contacts 52, 53, finger 11, through the coils of switches 6, '7, S and 9 to the motor armature and through switch Ql'to positive line. It is apparent that the coil of switch 6 will be subjected to the difference of electromotive force between the line voltage and the counter volts and when the motor has been retarded to a certain amount this switch will close, cutting out resistance 2 and increasing the current in the local circuit and at the same time removing the short circuit from coil of switch 7. Switches 7, 8 and 9 will successively close as previously described and the motor be gradually brought to rest. The brake lever 28 will be automatically ap plied when the armature current becomes slight, or when it ceases to flow. This may be designated the no.currentbrake.

It will be understood that as many steps in the starting resistance may be used as desired. It will also be understood that resistances may be added where necessary in the circuits of the electromagnetic switches. In some cases I may use a series of relays responsive to different increasing voltages,

which relays, when they respond, will energize the windings 0f the rheostat switches, they being merely intermediate devices for accomplishing the same urpose.

It will be noted'thaty my invention I can automatically accelerate with a tor us which is practically constant within pre eterminable limits, and can retard with a torque which is similarly practically constant. This gives a very perfect acceleration' and retardation, and contributes greatly to the comfort of passengers, and greatly reduces the strains and wear and tear on the mechanism.

In order to secure smooth acceleration or retardation, or both, I prefer to arrange the resistance in steps which are so graduated that each successive step of the series represents substantially the same definite percentage of the total resistance in the circuit atthe time that step is cut out. By this means I obtain a constant increment of current each time a step of resistance is cut out, provided that the current in the circuit after the acceleration, due to cutting out one step, falls to approximately the same current value before the next step is cut out and the load is substantially constant, as is the case in elevator practice and many other kinds of service. This maybe explained as follows: After each acceleration, the counter volts will rise and the current will fall in the circuit until a stable condition is reached. The current then flowing will be due to the net effective voltage acting in the circuit. With a practically constant load and practically constant field, this current after ac celer'ation each time will be substantially constant. If when this stable condition is reached, we cut out say onehalf of the ohms in a circuit, the current will constantly rise to approximately double its value, that is, the constant increment of current will be 100)?- under the stable conditions named. Similarlyif we cut out of the resistance the constant increment. of current will be 50% above the normal current represented by conditions of stable speed. After the ohms have been reduced in this way to asatisfactory minimum the remaining resistance can be cut out in one step.

W'hile my invention is likely to be used most on circuits of constant electromotive force and continuous currents, it can be employed upon currents havingyariable electromotive force, and, of course, it may also be employed when the cu'rrent is alternating or other form of current, provided such form of current and the magnetic devices are of such a character as to be capable of utilizing my invention.

One important application of my invention will be for the operation of an electrically propelled vehicle, such as a trolley car, or a storage battery car, or other form of electrically driven car, whether on rails or other form of road bed. My invention will be especially useful for the simultaneous control of a number of different motors from one point and by one operator. For example, as a multiple unit control for a train of cars. This is illustrated in Fig. 1. In F ig. 1 there are nine wires indicated which will be the train controlling system for a multiple unit train system. There can be any desired number of controllers along the train and the several motors can be simultaneously and similarly controlled by the operator from any one of these controlling stations.

In order to prevent possible conflictof use of several controllers, I prefer to have but 115 one handle, which the operator takes with him and which can only be removed or inserted when the controller is in its stop position or some equivalent protective position. It will be observed that anytendency 1 of any automatic controller at any stage of the acceleration or retardation to opntrnually act before another one acts, is automatically corrected by the fact that the counter volts on that first motor will then 1 5 be less than that upon the second one and hence as the train accelerates the second one will actto cut out resistance before the first one acts to cut out another step.

I prefer to use a field such as a shunt field, 1

ee r349 which is practically unaffected by the armature current. In other multiple control systems many complicated automatic corrective devices become necessary which my invention makes unnecessary.

It will be observed that my invention provides an automatic no voltage protection. That is, a failure of the supply electromotive force or a break in the circuit due, for

example, to a trolley losing its contact will immediately cause the insertion of the resistance and the openingof the armature circuit, and the armature will always be protected either by resistance or counter volts in the armature circuit.

I prefer to make the solenoid windings all identical and so connect them that they will operate successively as the electromotive force uses on the armature of the motor. But I may vary the windings or the connections in any way desired so long as they respond automatically to properly cut out the resistance.

In Fig. 1 I have shown an arrangement of apparatus in which th; rcv rsal of direction of rotation is obtained by reversing the armature current. In Fig. 2 is shown a very gimilartamstruction in which however, the reversal of direction of rotation is obtained by reversing the field of the motor. Parts similarly lettered in the two figures represent corresponding parts.

At 1 is indicated the motor armature be driven, and in its circuit are shown series the steps 2, 3, 4, 5 of the starting or retarding resistance. The switches 6, 7, 8, 9 are arranged as explained in connection .with Fig. 1, being connected in series from the terminal 10 of the armature to finger 11- of the drum controller. The arts12, i3,

14, 1.5, 16, 17 are also similary arranged.

One side of the motor armature is shown as connected to the negative supply line through the coil 27. At 18 is shown a maln switch for Connecting the other side of the armature to positive line. The coil for operating switch 18 is connected from negative line to finger 19. The field winding 25 of the motor is connected from finger 54 to finger The brake circuit 29 is completed through the motor armature and resistances when the switch 30 is closed. The coil of the switch 30 is connected from negative line to finger 31. Positive line is connected to finger 32 and negative line to finger 33. Resistances are shown at 34 adapted to be inserted in the field circuit for obtaining high speeds. The through wires for multiple unit control are indicated at 35 and the connecting leads for another and similar set of apparatus are shown at 35'.

In order to avoid any objectionable field discharge upon Opening the field circuit of the motor, 1 may use any of the well known as methods of providing a circuit for such discharge at the time the field current is broken. As one form of this arrangement I have shown a resistance 56 connected across the terminals of the field. In practice I prefer to arrange the controller so that this resistance will only be in circuit temporarily at. the time of breaking the field circuit.

The operation is as follows: Assume the drum controller to be thrown from the otl" position at E and so that the fingers will make contact on line F. In this position the field 25 will be excited, current passing from positive line, through finger 32, contacts 57, 58, finger 54, field 25, finger 55, contacts 59, G0, finger 33 to negative line. The main switch 18 will be closed due to current passing in its coil from positive line, through finger 32, contacts 57, 61, finger 19, through coil of switch 18 to negative line. Current will also pass through coils of switches 8, 7, 8 and 9 in the manner previously explained, around the armature from terminal 10 to finger 11, contacts 62, 60, finger 33 to negative line or the negati e side of the armature. The action of switches G, 7, S and 9 to successively cut out the resistance will take place as previously explained bringing the armature to a high speed automatically. Further increase of speed may be obtained if desired by turning the controller so that tho fingers will occupy positions to the right of F thus inserting sections of resistance 34 in the field circuit. To retard or stop the motor, the fingers are made to contact on line G. In passing to this position, all the automatic switches open. The field is excited as be fore. In position G switch 30.will be closed by current passing from positive line,

through fin er 32. contacts 57. 63, fin er 31,

coil of switch 30 to negative line. The brake circuit will Therefore be established. Current may also pass from positive line, through finger -32, contacts 57. 64, finger 11, coils of switches 6, 7. 8 and 9, armature 1 to negative line. It is therefore under stood that the coils of these switches will be subjected to an electromagnetic force equal to the difierence between the line voltage and the counter electromotive forceof the motor, and the resistances 2. 3, 4, 5 will be automatically cut out as explained with reference to Fig. 1, bringing the motor rapidly and smoothly to rest. Rotation in the reverse direction is obtained when the fingers make contact on line H. The circuits for this position are the same as for position F, except that the direction of current through the field coil 25 is reversed giving a reversed rotation of the motor, the operation in other respects taking place as before. In position H the field current passes from positive line through finger 32, contacts 57, 65, finger 55, field coil 25, finger 54. contacts 66, 60 to neg-q ative line. Increased speed in this direction by insertin 34. In or er to retard or stop'the motor when running in this direction, the fingers will make contact on line K. It that the connections in this position are similar to those in position G, except that the field remains reversed, and the operation is entirely similar.

My invention may be embodied'in a great variety of constructions and arrangements. In some cases the electromotive force supplying the electromagnets need not be the electromotive force upon the terminals of the device controlled, but may be an electromotive forcedependent upon it, such as the electromotive force which is. the difference or sum of two electromotive forces, one of which is the electromotive force on the device controlled. Or in some cases it may be in a separate circuit but afi'ected by the elec tromotive force on the device controlled. In some cases the electromotive force controlling the automatic switches may be inde pendent of the electromotive force upon-the device controlled, but dependent upon the current through, or electromotive force upon, adevice which is affected when there is a change of electromotive force on the device to be controlled, or a change in the current through the device.

Generally speaking, I utilize a change in the electromotive force upon the device to be controlled, or a change in'the electromotive force on a second device Which responds to a change in the energy supplied to the device which is to be controlled, so as to automatically affect the electric energy taken by the device to be controlled. When I wish to continually control the current within limits I prefer to use as the electromotive force for the magnetic switches, the electromotive force upon the terminals of a resis ance in series with the device. Sometimes the electromotive force upon the motor armature terminals will control theresistance in the field circuitof a generator supplying the motor, or the field circuit of the motor itself, by means of the electro-magnctic switches.

One important: application of my invention will be the operation of various forms of machine tools and apparatus having similar requirements. A good example will be an electrically driven lathe. Such a lathe must be frequently started, stopped, reversed, and must be varied over a wide range of speed while in service: WY on such a lathe is operated and controlled by former methods, a great deal depends upon the skill of the individual operator. The operator may operate his present type of controller so as to take an improperly large current at some moment during the acceleration, in which case he may open a protective magnetic circuit breaker or blow a fuse. This would result in a waste of time in getting such smtions of the field resistance.

will be seen overload devices ready for him to start up again. Such an excessive current also tends to do damage by the attendant spa rki ng. and may produce detrimental electrical or mechanical strains. If the operator docs not take an excessive current he may take a current so unnecessarily small as to waste time in the period of acceleration. Similarly he may Waste time during the retardation and stopping period and may subject the apparatus to improper usage. In the operation of such a machine tool and other parallel cases it is of the greatest. importance, as regards the commercial efficiency of the ap paratus and its earning capacity, that the time during which the tool is not producing, be reduced to a minimum. That is, the start ings, stoppings, reversings and similar .periods should be made as short as practicable, giving due consideration to the maximum energy desirable to use, the depreciation of apparatus, reliability of source, and other ment of my invention a great improvement can be efiected in the commercial results obtainable from such electrically operated a pparatus and the importance of having a skilled operator of good judgment is reduced to a minimum. I

In many kinds of mechanical operatic: s. the operator goes through a certain cycle of operations by means of a lover or etpiivalent controlling device, in such cases my invention can be usefully employed. In many instances the apparatus, or substance r'uu'td by the electric motor will by its movem xt to a predetermined amount or condition. automatically move the controller tor mv apparatus, so that my'invention may be employed to automatically perform certain ork. For example, the rolls of a rolling mill may be driven by an electric motor and whenever the worl -or the conveyor for the work, reaches a certain position the controlling lever will be automatically moved so as to retard and reverse the rolls and then accelerate them in the reverse direction. This is repeated at each end of the stroke. Similarly a planer can be automatically controlled. Similarly a pump can be automatically started up when a predetermined change in the level of Water causes a flout or equivalent device to move the controller lever to the starting position. The pump has been moved sufficiently to move the controlling lever to the stop position. Similarly a pile driver could be automatically operated. the weight in the movement cn gaging the controlling levers at each end of the stroke.

An application of my invention to an electrically driven planer is illustrated in Fig. o. The movable planer bed is indicated at and is driven by the motor 71 through the factors influencing the cost. By the employ,

will then continue to operate until the float 1 earts gearing 72 and rack 73. The drum controller, similarto that shown in Figf'l. or in motor". dicated at .101 and. its field may be excited by the usual shunt winding. In circuit with Fig. 2, is represented at 7 1 and the series of electromagnetic switches and starting resistance, etc., of Figs. 1 and 2, are represented as inclosed in the casing 75. It willzbe understood that the connections of the parts re ferred to are entirely similar to those of Fig. 1 or Fig. 2. The positive line is connected to the two contacts 76, 77. From contact 78 extends a connection through the coil 79 to negative line and from contact 80 extends a connection through coil 81 to negative line. The cores 82 and 83 of coils 79 and 81 are attached to opposite ends of a lever 84 pivoted at 85. This lever carries projecting pins 86, 87 which are adapted to engage opposite ends of the reversed pendulum 88 also pivoted at 85. The lower end of the pendulum engages the projections of a Y lever 89 pivoted at 90. A rod 91 connects the opposite end of lever 89 to the operating arm of the drum controller, 74. A dash pot 92 is connected to the lever 89 and may be adjusted to retard the movementof lever 89 to any desired amount. The movable bed carries two switch blades 93, 94.

The operation is as follows: Assume that the bed 70 is moving to the right. When the blade 94 engages the contacts 77 and 80, current passes from the positive line throu h coil 81 to negative line. Its core 83 will then be drawn downwardly and pin 86 engaging the weighted lever -88 will throw it past the central position. The lever 89 will then be thrown and the dash pot will permit the gradual movement of the drum controller. This will cause the motor to be rapidly retarded, reversed and accelerated as explained in connection with Figs 1 and 2. The laner will then bedriven in the opposite irection until switch blade 93 engages contacts 76, 78, when coil 79 will be excited and core 82 will be drawn downwardly. Pin 87 will then act to throw lever 88 past the central position and the controller74 will be operated as before to cause the motor to he gradually retarded, reversed and accelerated. The controller is arranged so as to insert much higher resistance in the field circuit on return stroke when the load is light than on the forward or cutting stroke. The return stroke will therefore be much faster. While 1 lg. 1 shows electromagnetic switches 17, 18, 21 and 22 for closing the main circuit, it will be understood that these may be dispensed with in the application shown in'Fig. 3, and the said main connections may be directly made by the controller 74 at the .dilferent positions, unless it is desired to control a plurality of motors from one controller as in Fig. 1.

Fig. 4 illustrates an arrangement in which a single solenoid or electromagnetic device h is used to automatically control the amount; of resistance in the armature circuit of a The armature of the motor 15 inthe armature are the. resistances 102, 103,

104 and 105 connected to the and sup- Jly mains. A solenoid is provided having its coil 106 connected to the armature ter minals. From its core 107 extends a rod carrying a series of crdss pieces 108 of iii-- sulating material. These are adapted to engage and raise from their seats a series of weights 109. These weights are in the form of copper washers and have spring contacts 110, which are adapted to engage and make contact with sets of conductors 111. The weights 109, when not raised by the cross-pieces 108, rest upon side supports, 112. The cross pieces 108', or the supports 112, are spaced apart suitable distances so that when the core 107 is raised, the upper weight 109 will be raised first and its contacts 110 will engage the upper set of condue-tors 111. A further upward movement of core 107 will raise the second weight and its contacts will engage the second pair of conductors 111. In the same way further upward movements of core 107 will successively raise the remaining weights. The upper pair of conductors 111 are electrically connected to the terminals of resistance 102 so that when the contacts 110 of the upper weight engages the conductors, the resistance 102 will be short circuited. Similarly the second pair of conductors are connected to the terminals of resistance 103, the third pair to terminals of resistance 104 and the fourth pair to terminals of resistance 105. When the main switch is closed, current will pass to the motor, passing through the starting resistances 102, 103, 104 and 105 and through the motor armature. This current will be suflicient to start the motor and the counter volts generated thereby will gradually increase. When they have reached a predetermined amount, the current in coil 106 will be sufiicient to raise the core and upper weight which will short circuit the resistance 102. Further upward movement of core 107 will be prevented by the second cross piece 108 engaging the sci-end weight. As the motor increases its spi ('1, due to cutting out the resistance 10:2, the counter electrornotive force increases, and when it has attained a certain value. the core 107 will be raised a further amount, lifting the second weight and causing the resistance step 1 3 to be cut out. i l "tllfilly the increase in the counter elecuotive force will cause the remaining a girls to he raised succs. vively and the KF-H*ilTiF-SZ; resistance steps will be autornaii y ut out. Thus by the use of a ting out of the various steps of the startmg resistance, each step being cut out when the counter electromotive force attains a for its matic acceleration and certain predetermined value. .Vhenever the current supply is interrupted, the core 107 and weights 109 will fall, and all of the starting resistance will be again placed in the armature circuit. c,

Having thus described my invention, I declare that What I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent,'is-

1. The combination of an electric motor, supply conductors of constant electrornotive force, means for varying the potential at one terminal of the motor relatively to that of said supply conductors, and means dependent upon the difference between said potential and the potential of one of the supply conductors for automatically accelerating the motor and dependent'upon the difference between said potential and that of the other supply conductor for automatically retarding the motor.

2. The combination of an electric motor, and means for automatically accelerating and retarding the motor, said means comprising one or more automatic switches closed by the counter electromotive force of the motor, the same switch contacts being employed and closed for controlling both the acceleration and retardation of the motor.

3. The combination of an electric motor, and a common means for automatically accelerating and automatically retarding the motor, said means being dependent upon the counter electromotive force of the motor automatic action during the autoautomatic retardation.

4. The combination of an electric motor, means for automatically accelerating the motor comprising one or more responsive devices connected across the 'motor terminals and responding tochanges in the counter electromotive forceof the motor, means for further accelerating the motor by varying the field strength, means for electrically braking the motor by automatically reducing a rheostatic resistance in circuit With the motor armature, and means controlled by the operator for reversing the motor.

5. The combinatio of an electric motor, means controlled by: he counter electromotive forceof the motor for automatically accelerating the motor and for automatically retarding the motor controlled by the difl'erence between the source of electromotive force and the counter electromotive force of the motor.

6. The combination of an electric motor, hand controlled means for starting the mo tor, means independent current through the armature for automatically accelerating and for automatically retarding the motor, and hand controlled means for still further accelerating the motor.

7. The combination of an electric motor, hand controlled means for starting the motor, means controlled by the counter electromotive force of the motor for automatically accelerating the same, hand controlled means for further accelerating the motor, means for electrically retarding by automatically reducing a rheostatic resistance in circuit with the motor armature, and means for reversing the motor.

resistance, means controlled by theoperator for automatically cutting out the resistance to accelerate the motor, said means being automatically controlled by said motor, and means controlled by the operator for placing ance in a local circuit and cutting out at least a part of said resistance for electrically braking the motor.

9. The combination of an electric motor, a resistance having a series of steps in circuit With said motor, means controlled by the motor for automatically cutting out said steps successively to accelerate the motor. and means for changing the connections and placing the said resistance on closed circuit with the armature of the motor so that the .tard the motor.

- 10. The combination of an electric motor; a starting rheostat, automatic electromagnetic means for accelerating the motor to a predetermined, speed, and hand controlled meansfor varying the field strength of said motor to further vary the speed, said" means being so correlated as to insure their proper relative operation.

stopping the motor,

11. The combination of an electric motor, a starting rheostat, hand controlled means for connecting said motor and rheost-at'to the supply circuit, automatic electromagnetic means for cutting out said resistance, and hand controlled means for varying the speed of said motor after the starting re sistance has been cut so correlated as to insure their proper relative operation.

a starting rheostat, hand controlled means for connecting said motor and starting rheostat to the supply circuit, automatic means for cutting out the starting resistance, hand controller! means for varying the speed, of said motor after the starting resistance has been cut out, and means for electrically said means being so correlated as to insure their proper relative operation.

of the strength "a starting rheostat, means 13. The combination 01' n electric motor, for connecting said motnr and said starting rheostat' to the the motor 8'. The combination of an electric motor,'a'

the armature of said motor and said resist-r out, said means being said steps are automatically cut out to re- 12. The combination of an electric motor,

supply circuit, automatic means for cutting out the resistance of the'rheostat, hand controlled means for varying the speed of the moto afterthe starting resistance has been cut OTlt, means for electrically stopping the motor, and means for reversing the motor, said means being so correlated as to insure their proper relative operation.

14. The combination of an electric motor, a starting resistance therefor divided into a series of steps, automatic means controlled by the counter electromotive force of the motor for cutting out the said resistance to awelerate the motor, and means for placing the armature of said motor in a. local closed circuit with said resistance and cutting out at least a part of said resistance for braking the motor. i

15. The combination of a source of electric energy, an electric motor, a resistance, means for passing a current. from the source through the armature of said motor and said resistance, electrically controlled automatic means controlled by the motor for cutting out said resistance to accelerate the motor, and means for placing the armature of said motor on closed circuit with said resistance and cutting out at least a part of said resistance for retardiflg the motor, said Tclosed circuit being closed independently of said source.

16. The combination of a source of electric energy, a dynamo electric machine, a plurality of steps of resistance in series with the armature of said machine. means for connecting the said resistance and armature to said source for starting said machine as a motor, means for automatically cutting out the said-resistance to accelerate the machine, means ior connecting the moving armature and said resistance in a local circuit so that the armature generates a. cur rent, and means controlled by the machine for automatically cutting out the resistance to retard the armature.

17. The combination of a dynamo electric machine having a field Winding energized independently of its armature current, a resistance, means for connecting a winding of said machineand said resistance in circuit. for generating a braking current in said circuit, and "Jeans controlled by the machine for automatically cutting out said resistance as the speed of the machine'is reduced, the last mentioned means comprising a device magnetically moved to cut out said resis'n ance.

18. The combination of a dynamo electric machine, a series of resistances. connections for placing said resistances in circuit. with the armature of said machine, means controlled by said armature for controlling said resistances for automatically accelerating the-armatureof machine. and connec' tions for placing said resistances in a local circuit. with said armature and cutting out at least a part of said resistances tor retarding the same.

19'. The combination of a dynamo electric machine, a plurality of resistance sections, connections for placing said resistance sections in circuit. with the armature of said machine. means comprising a plurality of elect-ro-magnetic switches corresponding rcspectively to said sections for automatically cutting out said resistance sections to accelerate said armature, for placing said resistance sections in a local circuit with said armature, and for automatically cutting out said resistance sections for retarding the motor.

20. The combination of an electric motor, controlling means for automatically accelerating the motor, said means being controlled by the counter electromotive force of the motor, and means for causing said motor to act as a generator and for causing said con trolling means to automatically retard the motor said retarding action being controlled by thediti'erence between the line electromotive force and the electroniotive force on the motor.

21. The combination of an electric motor, supply conductors of constant electromotive force, means for varying the potential at one terminal of the motor relatively to that of said supply conductors, and means dependent upon the ditierence between said potential and the potential of one of the supply conductors for automatically accelerating the motor and dependent upon the difference between said potential and that of the other supply conductor for automatically retarding the. motor by automatically reducing the same artificial resistance.

22. The combination of an electric motor, supply conductors of constant electromotive force, means for varying the potential at one terminal of the motor relatively to that of said supply conductors, and means dependent upon the diiiercnce between said potential and the potential of one of the supply conductors for automatically accelerating the motor and substantially indepemlcnt of the amount. of current through the motor armature for automatically retarding the motor.

23. The combination of an electric motor. a source of constant electromotive force, a rheostat having a series of steps of resistance in series with the armature of said motor, means for automatically controlling said steps for automatically accelerating the motor. a rheostat for controlling the field strength by successively controlling a plu rality of steps of resistance for still further accelerating the motor, said two rheostats being operatively wmnhted. and rooms for mug-laying iin: i mwiiun with 511' i115 resistaw'e zw'pusrs.

Tim m'n'nli. mi in an vlwiriz: mother, a, iiaostafi 3;; rinruiii tlu-rrewith, means responsive v ills electrical condition of the motwr z smime fur auimmaticaiiy reducing Hm lice sif said Ii'lflhSilZt to accelerate. mid ii- Mir, and means in! musing the motor w wrmde a braking current 111mm and for cutting out 'i fi piE/i'i if said r-r anus.

caniiiimnim of a. plurality of imimm i, gvemtii'cly connected )i-Lililg unit of a multiple p'iii'ziiiiiy vf mash aontrnllers alarm ii) in? units-a respectively, a smurfs M: zine stew in ljl'iblilil with the aiiiiifitizm f mail (if; muims, a singki cmitmiling {Tiflflhz or cw'mwiing each 0? said armziimres m with its resistance to siart tin; mniur and respomiw w an (:19 ,iim izzwm ,8 WWW (le mmiant lip-9n the d 0.? ilm Mir/tor rfllateii to each S? of r miiimmiimll tr mi, is a slim Bani HHJiQE'fi, mix Am meatball tho i eiiinra mi and mdep wt means fur ref? :1 rd i 'i magneticaily 3E2; iiORL 27. in a mulzipie imii cmnisination of a. plumb .f elecirir immars a master contruilrer ffii i men ciirre" spnnding 1'0 di erent (mats 0f the multiple unit control sysism, mm: rlmosmr fair each of said msi'ars, 1n mus i m SlID EilfiHQ- ously mnneclaing me mun 1th the :3 circuii; independent alumina-iii. maxim responding to each muwr fear aumm: .imiiy accelerating the motors sa d means-z being controlled autemzi imllg. ray the enumerelectromativn .fnrca if it} 5 mcior, and means; for rmm "1;: by causing them t0 act x3 generators.

The cunzbina-tiun 0f 1 Pl .tric motor, mid a 0f resist-2mm meg-1:; the meter, and means dependent upu'n. the canister alercirmnotive i'w'rre ni' i'lw motor for mntrnlliszgi Mug smeirmimi tail i FERN? 5.

, immm-al 2110a being Filli- Z21 v m Y iris m1; S mid arma- "mi sysiam, the

= :n-nirml. rim motor my:

; 1"?""130'I1Si2fi Ir mu" 1 said BlBQlJfOKUOClYt: forcs tu cumin/l 11m mu v tm? under diillerent. conditions ufu wr iimnl i'ijmutnr, a resistance sump; mg :1 plural-t of seciiqns, means mmprmm plumhly nf' vlectrnmagneti v ll-2;; In said sections respectively for ixilim! ntiwlly and sucvessively allecing each of swciions for accelerab ing the moms. and fur placing the armaturs on ulosezl circuit with said resistance or retarding the "motor 8TH] ww'wssirel aitlecling ixermizi. of said sectimw.

iii. The LGflll)il"i3tlifll of a scurm of errun rieclric moimg means for varying the POlQllilLLi all one torminal of the. armature of said motor, and means subjected to the iiifi'erunce of potential of said terminals mil the potential of one of the supply mains fer autumatiually retarding the nmtori 32. The cun'lbinntion of supply CUHdilC- ims, in! electric moiur. f'iilLi means dependent upmi the difi'ereurv 0i trt-nnal between one i'm'minzil of H10 armnim-v if said motor and mm supply (:Oliililuini' fur :u-uelrmting the :zmtnr and miijwiml m Hm dilfmwnce 01? 0- iemiul between saiil criminal and MIN er supply rlnnriiwir-r in! automatically ref-uni ing' the nwtur.

- imnbinution ml :1 sum-(5e oi" JHP. C HiHl' MH rmiuccted ing a lfi'f-Hiil-f'iiilfl vomizinl; e lv riri rare "if'vlric mutur inning one mwmlnra of said nmhur 1mm Ii wnduvtum. fih'iithfi for Hillier armature terminal of L mail mini-0r :1. mimitiul between the puieir i l izisn'wm,

hills; of sai l c m'iucim's, anvl nuans dependent npnn the electrcmutive force between said izi'iwr wrmlimi and one of said (2011-- duciors fr? mat-miniiiwiily amelemting the mumr f Ulfi dependent; upon the electrnmutive fmce Pbnmxni'saii (Ailmterminal and Mr miller 01 ll iO ERiUUi-(WS fornut-oi'natically ifiivfl ilii 5hr mul'ur 3 Win. cumbiimiiun iii a. sourca of elecmmmm ifnrce, a if eiwtric molar. and autumatic mntruliing moans depemir'nt upon the amine; elgctrmnurwe force of the mutnr f0! banging its speed under certain condi tiuns and subjected tn another electromotive form; for changing its speed in the reverse sense under other cmiditinns.

3-3- 'ijhe fznmbinatinn of a source of elec ilric energy, an electric mutor, means can- :ig said motor and said source so to two inversely variable elvctromotive a](acme-responsive means for "can mg the ,mctor, and mean; fur cum fling; iiii rlectru-respmmive means m remini 2/; one-0f said alectrmnotis 'e forces to r ve min wmliimns m? dperatinn and for com imgsuidfeimtmin l'lfp fihil in the. ()li'N! of The combination of a @nurcc of elem I il/HU 211mg an electric Wk/2, cleeizwmw sponsive controlling means for said motor, and coimections such as to subject said responsive means to an increasing electronictive force to accelerate the motor and to an increasing electromotive force to retard the 37. The combination of a source of electric energy, an electric motor, electro-responsive controlling means for said motor, and means for subjecting said responsivemeans to the connter-electromotivc force of the motor for accelerating the motor and t an electromotive force other than that of the motor for retarding the motor.

38. The combination of a source of electric energy, an electric motor, electro-responsive controlling means for auloniatically retarding the motor, said electro-responsive means being subjected to a variable electromotive force other than that of said motor.

39. The coi'nbination of a source of con- 'stant electromotive force, means for dividing said constant electromotive force into in' versely variable divisional electromotive forces comprising an electric motor, and electro-responsive controlling means for said motor subjected to one of said divisonal electromotive forces for controlling the motor under certain conditions of operation and subjected to another of said divisional electromotive forces for controlling the motor under different conditions of operation.

40. The combination of a source of constant electromotive force, means for dividing said constant electromotive force into a plurality of variable divisional elcctromotive forces Whose sum equals the original electromotive force comprising an electric motor, and means subjected to dillcrent divisional electromotive forces for automatically controlling said motor.

41. The combination of a source of electric energy, means for developing different variable electromotive forces comprising an electric motor, and a plurality of electro-responsive devices for controlling said motor, and connections for subjecting said devices to the said different variable electromotive forces.

42. The combination of a source of elec-- tric energy, armature controlling means, a plurality of electro-magnetic switches for controlling the armature controlling means of said motor, and means for subjecting the coils of said switches to the electromotive forces upon different devices for controlling the armature controlling means durin acceleration and during retardation of the motor respectively.

43. The combination of a source of electromotive force, an electric motor, a controlling resistance, and electro'responsivc means subjected to the difierenee between l the impressed electromotive force and the counter electromotive force of the motor for automatically controlling said resistance under certain operating conditions of the motor, and means for en'iploying a part of 1 said resistance for automatically controlling 1 the motor under difl'erent conditions of operation.

l4. The combination of a source of con stant elcctromotive force, a resistance, an clectroresponsive resistance controlling means, said means being responsive to dif- 3 terent inversely varying divisional elecj tromotivc forces of said constant electromotive force for automatically controlling i the resistance.

45. The combination of a dynamo electric machine having a, field winding energized independently of its armature current, an energy absorbing means in series with. the armature of said machine, and automatic controlling means for causing said absorbing means to automatically control the armature \vhil the armature is absorbing energy and for causing said absorbing i means to automatically control the energy Eand retard the armature while the armature is generating energy, said automatically controll ng means comprising a plualily of windings selectively responsive to changes in the electrical condition in the motor armature circuit.

l6. In a motor control system, the combination of a motor, and automatic controlling means therefor comprisin r a set of resistance sections, automatically controlled automatic switches for controlling said resistance sections respectively for accelerating the motor, and means for connecting the motor armature in a dynamic braking circuit and for including at least a portion of said resistance sections in said circuit 47. In a motor controller, the combination of a plurality of armature control resistance sections, a plurality of automatic switches for controlling said sections, a plurality of relay switches, one for each of said automatic switches, and a. controller for controlling the said switches and for controlcontrolling the motor to cause it to generate a braking current.

48. The combination of an electric motor, electric means for automatically controlling the acceleration of the motor until the full voltage is applied to the motor armature, a main controller for controlling said means and for also controlling the field strength of the motor for controlling the speed of the motor, and a sccond motor acting upon the same load as the first and provided with similar controlling means and simultaneously controlled by said main controller.

if). The combination of an electric motor, motor controlling means comprising a reling the field strength of the motor and for ,u and fur umber tl; hwlm' by wmkrniw; lin- 1212x5 2- uff ll'm mohin, and a swim i mum: up ngwn the gamma 10ml 2&5: his and 201% H'ulliiil b said (ZU!I1U"IL 5%. The combination 1% a ail- -il'is motms having field 5 1 i A 7 independently m" hair zn'mat'; re cmlJUIlH'Ulltf) {or rwursi said (36 l of far of said met: 1 (PJrET iUVt windings of mid :llzd by sari l unmllm'.

The (:(nnljin: bus: of an m: mature zwasimmw lmf. (1f slaps clmtmlnugnutw li Um cuitix'xg 0m all uncelei 311mb: me: w; slwli ulngmilg,

ueslivelv t mi d H; a plm'zxliw 0i 02ml:- wg a plurality ml 21m 111- "'5 uf mid mmklrs l7. mu zed imlvpcmlvmn' Currant, a :xiily 0'? 2:10:: adapted m Cumi was, and me-(111 for mrcelmatiun (If the 211mm; in un'ison 12ml ulwiriwlly braking :hv mums ii A multiplw mm; wuiw! lyrmzmr w" m-ising :1 plm'aliw ml mains. uwum fur 2 tnn'mticui'ly \"lw-iricnliv wiuazll 1111 13 lomuiicullg' eleclrimlh P111113. A1:

manual v;

h'llkl mm and :1 plurality nf nmnw mulur 531e, control of the opera? and vanxvsymn li' m dif fQIT-JH units {01" cummllu 7' liilillili mmns.

55. A mulfpk: mall, comm: prising a plurality of uni nlm'nliw 0f illulms for said units (Pr-3pm, iwy. and a plurality sf means located up. (lifii'arent units of t HYrjlHl]. milk I "mahJdEng said cutting uni m" tum acting; upnn 2+ commniq load, and xnegl ns mg being i "wgizml m l w in tlw eloctrical (-11, Hill; m a chum.

i. 'llw YU llHHl. of l'viunllug :1 nn' tm Wlfxvl wuss W in mua'nviimlly \"ntti v ii sulliviem 2 3.2mm; Yalwn the aux-win u, :1 prmlvim'mmml minimum value in l ilw a-nrz'unt in rigto a predetunnin. mum calm: and \vlwu the current lmea I 'l'uiiml to the predeternlined minimum v cutting out an amount 0f resistance willuivm to cause the currmi to rise to the 1m; (Riva-mined maximum mlue and Controlling the my ing: (mt uf the resistance by a c r rent (illl'erent from that through the n-smi- MHQ.

62. The metlmd u? camrolling a plurality multiple unit control syswm. for of electric nmiars aeting up'an a common load which consists in similarly increasing the Volts upon each of the motor arinatures by similarly controlling a plurality of controlling means in series with said armatures respectively, then weakening the magnetic 1 field of the motors to accelerate the motors, and causing said motors to generate electric 1 energy to retard the load.

(13. In comblnatioin a motor having a field winding energized independently ot llS armature current, a source of current sin plyg a resistance, an opoiatlnn member inowment in one direction when the motor 1 is eperatingas a motor and by a movement in the same direction when operating as a generator.

64. The method of controlling electric trains made up of a plurality of vehicles which comprises leading current upon each of a plurality of vehicles of a train, supplying current to a circuit upon each vehicle containing a motor arn'iature and its resistance. supplying another current to a field winding, of each of said motor armatures, cntt ing out the resistance in each of said circuits to accel rate the train, and causing the motors to act as generators of energy used to retard the train.

In testimony whereof I alliX my signature in present-cot two witnesses.

H. lVARl) LEONARD.

it nesscs:

L. K. SAGEIK, JrmAx S. Woos'mn. 

